If an enzyme name is shown in bold, there is experimental evidence for this enzymatic activity.
Synonyms:
tricarboxylic acid cycle,
citric acid cycle,
Krebs cycle,
Szent-Gyorgyi-Krebs cycle
Summary:
The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle.
[Walsh85,
Walsh87a] Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
Citations:
[Neidhardt96,
Swim54]
Superpathways:
superpathway of glyoxylate bypass and TCA,
superpathway of glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, TCA, and glyoxylate bypass
Locations of Mapped Genes:
Genetic Regulation Schematic
Pathway Operons
References
Neidhardt96: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low Jr KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE "Escherichia coli and Salmonella, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Second Edition." American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1996.
Swim54: Swim HE, Krampitz LO (1954). "Acetic acid oxidation by Escherichia coli; evidence for the occurrence of a tricarboxylic acid cycle." J Bacteriol 67(4);419-25. PMID: 13152052
Walsh85: Walsh K, Koshland DE (1985). "Characterization of rate-controlling steps in vivo by use of an adjustable expression vector." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985;82(11);3577-81. PMID: 3889909
Walsh87a: Walsh K, Schena M, Flint AJ, Koshland DE (1987). "Compensatory regulation in metabolic pathways--responses to increases and decreases in citrate synthase levels." Biochem Soc Symp 1987;54;183-95. PMID: 3332995
Other References Related to Enzymes, Genes, Subpathways, and Substrates of this Pathway
Al12: Al Mamun AA, Lombardo MJ, Shee C, Lisewski AM, Gonzalez C, Lin D, Nehring RB, Saint-Ruf C, Gibson JL, Frisch RL, Lichtarge O, Hastings PJ, Rosenberg SM (2012). "Identity and function of a large gene network underlying mutagenic repair of DNA breaks." Science 338(6112);1344-8. PMID: 23224554
Allison88: Allison N, Williams CH, Guest JR (1988). "Overexpression and mutagenesis of the lipoamide dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli." Biochem J 256(3);741-9. PMID: 3066354
Alwine73: Alwine JC, Russell RM, Murray KN (1973). "Characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant deficient in dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity." J Bacteriol 115(1);1-8. PMID: 4197899
Amarneh05: Amarneh B, Vik SB (2005). "Direct transfer of NADH from malate dehydrogenase to complex I in Escherichia coli." Cell Biochem Biophys 42(3);251-61. PMID: 15976458
Anderson88: Anderson DH, Duckworth HW (1988). "In vitro mutagenesis of Escherichia coli citrate synthase to clarify the locations of ligand binding sites." J Biol Chem 1988;263(5);2163-9. PMID: 3276685
Apostolakos82: Apostolakos D, Menter PA, Rampsch BJ, Reeves HC, Birge EA "Genetic map position of the cistron coding for isocitrate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli K-12." Current Microbiology 1982;7:45-47.
Arifuzzaman06: Arifuzzaman M, Maeda M, Itoh A, Nishikata K, Takita C, Saito R, Ara T, Nakahigashi K, Huang HC, Hirai A, Tsuzuki K, Nakamura S, Altaf-Ul-Amin M, Oshima T, Baba T, Yamamoto N, Kawamura T, Ioka-Nakamichi T, Kitagawa M, Tomita M, Kanaya S, Wada C, Mori H (2006). "Large-scale identification of protein-protein interaction of Escherichia coli K-12." Genome Res 16(5);686-91. PMID: 16606699
Bailey99: Bailey DL, Fraser ME, Bridger WA, James MN, Wolodko WT (1999). "A dimeric form of Escherichia coli succinyl-CoA synthetase produced by site-directed mutagenesis." J Mol Biol 285(4);1655-66. PMID: 9917403
Barker00: Barker HC, Kinsella N, Jaspe A, Friedrich T, O'Connor CD (2000). "Formate protects stationary-phase Escherichia coli and Salmonella cells from killing by a cationic antimicrobial peptide." Mol Microbiol 35(6);1518-29. PMID: 10760151
Bell89: Bell PJ, Andrews SC, Sivak MN, Guest JR (1989). "Nucleotide sequence of the FNR-regulated fumarase gene (fumB) of Escherichia coli K-12." J Bacteriol 1989;171(6);3494-503. PMID: 2656658
Benjamin14: Benjamin JA, Masse E (2014). "The iron-sensing aconitase B binds its own mRNA to prevent sRNA-induced mRNA cleavage." Nucleic Acids Res 42(15);10023-36. PMID: 25092924
Bennett95: Bennett B, Gruer MJ, Guest JR, Thomson AJ (1995). "Spectroscopic characterisation of an aconitase (AcnA) of Escherichia coli." Eur J Biochem 233(1);317-26. PMID: 7588761
Bild80: Bild GS, Janson CA, Boyer PD (1980). "Subunit interaction during catalysis. ATP modulation of catalytic steps in the succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction." J Biol Chem 255(17);8109-15. PMID: 6997289
Birney96: Birney M, Um HD, Klein C (1996). "Novel mechanisms of Escherichia coli succinyl-coenzyme A synthetase regulation." J Bacteriol 178(10);2883-9. PMID: 8631677
Birney97: Birney M, Um H, Klein C (1997). "Multiple levels of regulation of Escherichia coli succinyl-CoA synthetase." Arch Biochem Biophys 347(1);103-12. PMID: 9344470
Blank02: Blank L, Green J, Guest JR (2002). "AcnC of Escherichia coli is a 2-methylcitrate dehydratase (PrpD) that can use citrate and isocitrate as substrates." Microbiology 148(Pt 1);133-46. PMID: 11782506
Borthwick84: Borthwick AC, Holms WH, Nimmo HG (1984). "The phosphorylation of Escherichia coli isocitrate dehydrogenase in intact cells." Biochem J 1984;222(3);797-804. PMID: 6385963
Bradbury96: Bradbury AJ, Gruer MJ, Rudd KE, Guest JR (1996). "The second aconitase (AcnB) of Escherichia coli." Microbiology 142 ( Pt 2);389-400. PMID: 8932712
Brandsch89: Brandsch R, Bichler V (1989). "Covalent cofactor binding to flavoenzymes requires specific effectors." Eur J Biochem 1989;182(1);125-8. PMID: 2659351
BRENDA14: BRENDA team (2014). Imported from BRENDA version existing on Aug 2014.
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Please cite the following article in publications resulting from the use of EcoCyc: Nucleic Acids Research 41:D605-12 2013
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